How to blink LED using Atmega32 microcontroller

[Shehani]

Similar to printing ‘Hello World’ in C or C++, the very first step towards programming a microcontroller is Blinking a LED with a delay. Atmega32 is a very popular high performance 8 bit AVR Microcontroller. For this example project we need to use two registers DDR and PORT. DDR stands for Data Direction Register, it determines the direction (Input/Output) of each pins on the microcontroller. HIGH at DDR register makes corresponding pin Output while LOW at DDR register makes corresponding pin Input. PORT register is the output register which determines the status of each pin of a particular port. HIGH at PORT register makes corresponding pin Logic HIGH (5V) while LOW at PORT register makes corresponding pin Logic LOW (0V).

Getting Started with Atmel Studio 6.0

1. Download and Install Atmel Studio. You can download Atmel Studio from Atmel’s Website.


2. Open Atmel Studio

After Opening Atmel Studio

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3. Select New Project

Opening New Project – Atmel Studio

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4. Select GCC C Executable Project, give a project name, solution name, location in which project is to be saved and click OK.

5. Selecting Microcontroller

Selecting Microcontroller – Atmel Studio

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Choose the microcontroller that you are going to use, here we are using Atmega32. Then Click OK.

6. Enter the Program

Enter the Program – Atmel Studio

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7. Then click on Build >> Build Solution or Press F7 to generate the hex file.

Circuit Diagram

Blinking LED using Atmega32 AVR Microcontroller and Atmel Studio

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LEDs are connected to PORTC and current limiting resistors are used to limit current through them. 16 MHz crystal is used to provide clock for the Atmega32 microcontroller and 22pF capacitors are used to stabilize the operation of crystal. The 10µF capacitor and 10K? resistor is used to provide Power On Reset (POR) to the device. When the power is switched ON, voltage across capacitor will be zero so the device resets (since reset is active low), then the capacitor charges to VCC and the reset will be disabled. 30th pin (AVCC) of Atmega32 should be connected to VCC if you are using PORTA, since it is the supply voltage pin for PORT A.

Atmel Studio C Program

Code: Select all

#ifndef F_CPU
#define F_CPU 16000000UL // 16 MHz clock speed
#endif

#include <avr/io.h>
#include <util/delay.h>

int main(void)
{
  DDRC = 0xFF; //Nakes PORTC as Output
  while(1) //infinite loop
  {
    PORTC = 0xFF; //Turns ON All LEDs
    _delay_ms(1000); //1 second delay
    PORTC= 0x00; //Turns OFF All LEDs
    _delay_ms(1000); //1 second delay
  }
}

- DDRC = 0xFF makes all pins on PORTC as output pins
- PORTC = 0xFF makes all pins on PORTC Logic High (5V)
- PORTC = 0×00 makes all pins on PORTC Logic Low (0V)
- _delay_ms(1000) provides 1000 milliseconds delay.
- while(1) makes an infinite loop

You have seen that PORT registers are used to write data to ports. Similarly to read data from ports PIN registers are used. It stand for Port Input Register. eg : PIND, PINB

You may like to set or reset individual pins of PORT or DDR registers or to know the status of a specific bit of PIN register. There registers are not bit addressable, so we can’t do it directly but we can do it through program. To make 3ed bit (PC2) of DDRC register low we can use DDRC &= ~(1<<PC2). (1<<PC2) generates the binary number 00000100, which is complemented 11111011 and ANDed with DDRC register, which makes the 3ed bit 0. Similarly DDRC |= (1<<PC2) can be used set the 3ed bit (PC2) of DDRC register and to read 3ed bit (PC2) we can use PINC & (1<<PC2). Similarly we can set or reset each bit of DDR or PORT registers and able to know the logic state of a particular bit of PIN register.

Proteus Simulation


If you haven’t yet started with PROTEUS. Draw the above circuit in PROTEUS and make following setting on the properties of Atmega32.

Atmega32 – Proteus Settings

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Don’t forget to set the clock frequency to 16 MHz.



Article courtesy of electrosome.com