Introduction UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) or USART (Universal Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter) are one of the basic interface which you will find in almost all the controllers available in the market till date. This interface provide a cost effective simple and r...

Introduction Pulse width Modulation or PWM is one of the powerful techniques used in control systems today. They are not only employed in wide range of control application which includes: speed control, power control, measurement and communication. This tutorial will take you through the PWM basics...

Introduction Keypads are a part of HMI or Human Machine Interface and play really important role in a small embedded system where human interaction or human input is needed. Martix keypads are well known for their simple architecture and ease of interfacing with any microcontroller. In this part of...

Introduction In our daily life, anything we deal like sound, pressure, voltage or any measurable quantity, are usually in analog form So what if we want to interface any analog sensor with our digital controllers? There must be something that translate the analog inputs to digital output, and so An...

Introduction Whenever a robotics hobbyist talk about making a robot, the first thing comes to his mind is making the robot move on the ground. And there are always two options in front of the designer whether to use a DC motor or a stepper motor. When it comes to speed, weight, size, cost... DC mot...

Introduction The most commonly used Character based LCDs are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In this tutorial, we will discuss about character based LCDs, their interfacing with various microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming...

Introduction This section of tutorial will explain you everything that you need to know about stepper motors. Stepper motors can be used in various areas of your microcontroller projects such as making robots, robotic arm, automatic door lock system etc. This tutorial will explain you construction ...

Introduction PIC16F84 belongs to a class of 8-bit microcontrollers of RISC architecture. Its general structure is shown on the following map representing basic blocks. Program memory (FLASH)- for storing a written program. Since memory made in FLASH technology can be programmed and cleared more tha...

The function of Field Effect Transistors is similar to bipolar transistors (especially the type we will discuss here) but there are a few differences. They have 3 terminals as shown below. Two general types of FETs are the 'N' channel and the 'P' channel MOSFETs. Here we will only discuss the N chan...